TOR – The Onion Router

In this article, I want to explain, in a simple yet technical way, what TOR is, how it works, and how you can use it effectively. Whether you’re a beginner or someone with some experience in cybersecurity, my goal is for you to leave here with a clear and practical understanding.

What is TOR?

TOR is a protocol that allows you to browse the internet anonymously. The acronym TOR stands for “The Onion Router.” This name reflects how the network functions: your traffic is wrapped in multiple layers of encryption, like the layers of an onion. Each node in the network decrypts only one layer to determine where to route the information, keeping your identity and activity protected. This ensures that no one can easily track who you are or what you are doing.

In short, TOR is a tool for:

  • Hiding your IP address.
  • Protecting yourself against surveillance.
  • Accessing censored or restricted content.

How does TOR work?

TOR operates based on the concept of onion routing. Here’s how it works:

Layered Encryption: When you send a request through TOR, it’s encrypted multiple times (hence the “onion” name). Each layer of encryption contains instructions for the request to move to the next node.

Network Nodes: Your request passes through at least three nodes:

  • Entry Node: Knows your IP address but not the final destination.
  • Middle Node: Knows only where the request came from and where it’s going.
  • Exit Node: Delivers the request to the final destination but doesn’t know who sent it.

Final Destination: The website or service you’re connecting to sees only the IP address of the exit node, not yours.

This process ensures that no single node has all the information, making it extremely difficult to trace you.

Advantages and Limitations of TOR

Advantages:

  • Anonymity: Your real IP address is hidden.
  • Access to the Deep Web: You can visit .onion sites that are inaccessible through conventional browsers.
  • Censorship Resistance: Ideal for accessing blocked content in certain countries.

Limitations:

  • Speed: Routing through multiple nodes slows down the connection.
  • Vulnerable Exit Node: While your IP address is protected, the exit node can see your traffic content if it’s not encrypted (e.g., using HTTP instead of HTTPS).
  • No Protection Against Malware: TOR won’t protect you if you download malicious files.

How to Use TOR Safely

If you decide to use TOR, follow these recommendations to maximize your security and anonymity:

Download the TOR Browser

Go to the official website: https://www.torproject.org. Avoid downloading it from other sources to prevent compromised versions.

Configure Your Browser

Don’t install additional plugins or extensions. Stick to the default mode to avoid settings that could compromise your anonymity.

Avoid Logging Into Personal Accounts

Don’t log into social media or email accounts that can be linked to your identity.

Be Careful with Downloads

Don’t download files unless you completely trust their source.

Avoid Revealing Personal Information

Even on websites that seem secure.

Always Use HTTPS When Possible

Additional encryption protects your data even if the exit node is malicious.

Consider Combining TOR with a VPN

A VPN can add an extra layer of protection, though it’s not strictly necessary.

Use Cases for TOR

TOR isn’t just for journalists or activists. Here are some practical use cases:

  • Avoiding Censorship: In countries where access to certain sites is blocked.
  • Anonymous Browsing: To protect your privacy from advertisers or governments.
  • Sensitive Research: If you need to search for information without leaving a trace.
  • Accessing the Deep Web: If you’re curious or need to explore services hosted on .onion domains.

Conclusion

TOR is a powerful tool for those who value privacy and freedom on the internet. However, like any tool, its effectiveness depends on how you use it. If you follow the recommendations I’ve shared here, you’ll be well-positioned to make the most of its potential.